Higher-Order Calculations of Light Deflection and the Contribution of the Cosmological Constant to Einstein Radii around Clusters of Galaxies

Mathematics – Logic

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Scientific paper

Recently, Rindler and Ishak (2007) made a breakthrough in the field of gravitational lensing showing that a cosmological constant, Λ, will indeed contribute to the bending angle of light by a concentric mass, in fact, by decreasing it. Then Ishak et al. (2007) showed that the effect can be applied to observations of Einstein radii around clusters of galaxies. We present here various higher-order calculations and results for the bending angle and the Lambda contribution. Surprisingly, we find that the Lambda term is the next largest term after the Einstein first-order term for many cluster lens systems. For those lens systems, the Lambda contribution is larger than the second-order term and may be the next targeted term by future high precision experiments.

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