GM=tc^3 Space/Time, Supernovae and the Faint Young Sun

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics

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Scientific paper

The Faint Young Sun has long been a paradox of astrophysics. The Standard Solar Model predicts that when Earth was formed solar luminosity was approximately 70% of its present value. Earth temperature would have been 15K below freezing point, making evolution of life unlikely. Geology and the fossil record contradict this prediction. Surveys of Type Ia supernovae indicate that redshifts increase non-linearly, leading to speculation about repulsive energies. These paradoxes and the possible solution are a fascinating combination of Relativity, astrophysics and the Earth sciences.
Relativity and Space/Time can help save the Standard Solar Model. The Sun turns its fuel into energy according to E=mc^2. Theory predicts that c is given by: GM=tc^3
Where t is age of the Universe, GM combines its Mass and gravitational constant. Billions of years ago c, solar luminosity and Earth temperature were therefore higher than originally estimated.
Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years and the Universe 13.7 billion years old, 1.5 times its age at time of Earth formation. Energy is adjusted by 1.31 times the original estimate. Multiplying by that estimate of 70%, actual solar luminosity was 92% its present value. Earth temperature was then 98% of what we enjoy today. Adjusting the model for a changing c, solar output has been nearly constant for billions of years. The paradox of a Faint Young Sun leads to an extraordinary confirmation of Theory.
Prediction of a changing c can be more precisely corroborated using observations of Type Ia supernovae. Earth temperature history provides additional data points to supplement supernova data. Both data sets show that c has changed exactly as predicted. This corroborating data distinguishes Theory from accelerating universe ideas. Since c change is verified by two disparate data sets, it can be considered a subject of useful discussion.

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