Global map of Titan's dune fields

Details Global map of Titan's dune fields Global map of Titan's dune fields

Sep 2008

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2008epsc.conf..667l&link_type=abstract

European Planetary Science Congress 2008, Proceedings of the conference held 21-25 September, 2008 in Münster, Germany. Online a

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Introduction Methane is the second major constituent of Titan's atmosphere; but it should be totally removed at least in ten million years by photochemistry in the stratosphere and condensation in the troposphere [1]. The first process produces hydrocarbons which form the haze and can condensate onto the surface. The second process causes methane rains on the surface, which carve channels networks. The loss of methane is possibly balanced by outgassing during cryovolcanic event [2]. But hydrocarbons grains deposited onto the surface cannot be recycled. They may be stored in the dunes [3], which were first seen by SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) [4]. We focus our study on the mapping of the dune fields in order to determine their global distribution. The aim is to constrain the amount of hydrocarbon material existing in the dunes, and to relate it to the duration of the methane cycle. Data from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and RADAR instruments onboard Cassini spacecraft can be used to map Titan's surface. Infrared images, which are mainly sensitive to composition and grain size, are very complementary to the microwave measurements which depend mainly on roughness and topography. We used spectral criteria after empirical correction of aerosols to map the distribution of heterogeneous units on Titan [5]. These units are compared with SAR images in overlapping regions. Titan's surface mosaics with VIMS VIMS probes the first ten of microns of the ground in seven narrow atmospheric windows in the 0.88 to 5.11 μm wavelength range. We built infrared mosaics with cubes sorted by spatial resolution, by keeping cubes corresponding to favorable observing conditions (incidence, emergence, phase and time exposure). Band ratios were computed and combined in false color composite images (red as 1.59/1.27-μm, green as 2.03/1.27-μm and blue as 1.27/1.08-μm). Band ratios are useful to minimize the effect of illuminating conditions and albedo variations [6]. Mosaics of Titan's surface were created using images acquired during 42 flybys from Ta (October 26th 2004) to T42 (March 25th 2008). These images have been integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Global maps of band ratios appear fuzzy at high latitudes due to a low spatial resolution and to the presence of haze and clouds. The unfavorable observing geometry, with high incidence angles, induces a very strong scattering by the aerosols in these regions. On the contrary, equatorial and mid-latitudes regions have been covered at a medium resolution, in better observing conditions. In our color composites, most of Titan surface appears either in brown units, bluish units or bright units. We observed that brown units cover 18% of the whole Titan's surface and are found in equatorial regions. Dark blue units cover roughly 2% of Titan's surface. They are systematically associated with bright terrains and are never found isolated within brown units (Fig. 1a). Dune patterns were first observed in the infrared with VIMS during the closest approach at T4 and T20 flybys [7, 8]. The detailed study of dune fields by [8] shows that dune patterns are found mainly in brown units and interdunes can account for the observed spectral variability. Dunes with Radar SAR dataset We also use the RADAR data in SAR mode, mainly sensitive to roughness, surface topography and dielectric constant variations. It is independent of solar light conditions and of the presence of clouds. We retrieved the radar swaths from Ta to T25 (February 22nd 2007) flybys from the PDS website and reprojected the data using the ISIS2 software. The spatial resolution of the SAR images allows the direct imaging of the dunes. Most of Titan's dunes appear longitudinal and resemble terrestrial dunes, such as the ones found in Namibia [4]. Detailed morphologic analysis was performed in [9], who inferred a dominant wind eastward to account for their formation. Two kinds of dunes have been observed: sand seas and small dunes in low sand supply zones. Most of the aeolian sand deposits are found in sand seas. In addition, isolated groups of "cat scratches", very sinuous short dunes [9] and sand sheets [10] (visible as dark uniform terrains) are recognized. Their emplacement is most probably related to the available sand supply. Comparison of infrared and SAR units Sand seas and small dunes match different kind of terrains in the infrared. Radar dune fields boundaries in the infrared. The dune fields in SAR images generally end at the limit between infrared brown and bright units (Fig. 1b and 1c). Dunes can also be found on dark blue terrains as seen by [7] and [11]. 82% of SAR dunes are located in brown units and 4.5% in dark blue units. The remnant dunes corresponding to "cat scratches" or not well defined dune fields appear in infrared bright units as isolated patches. These dunes may form with a low sand supply, thus VIMS detects a bright terrain because of the lower resolution than SAR. It could account for some of the 13.5% radar dunes found on bright areas. It should be noted that the limit between SAR dunes and brown units is sometimes shifted by about 20 km. This could be due to the obliquity and spin rate of Titan, which are not taken into account in our georeferenced images [12]. An accurate model of Titan obliquity and spin rate would be needed to correct this effect. But yet, there is a significant overlapping between VIMS brown units and dunes seen with the RADAR at global scale. The relationship seems to be more complex for the dark blue terrains, since dunes overlap this unit or are stopped at the border. Dark blue units may correspond to an aeolian deposit younger than the dunes [6]. By using a mean height of 150 m for the dunes [3, 10] and an average thickness of 20 m [3], we find a total amount of dune material in the brown units of 3.01 105 km3. This is consistent with the estimation from [3]. Conclusion From the global mapping, we inferred that dunes in the RADAR data are highly correlated with brown infrared terrains, and can overlap dark blue areas. Observations of brown infrared terrains by VIMS will complete the dune fields coverage found by SAR: the total SAR surface coverage at the end of the extended mission will be ~40%, whereas VIMS will achieve a near global coverage at 15-20 km/pixel in average. Therefore, the integration of both datasets will improve the estimation of amount of hydrocarbons present in solid state on Titan. References [1] Atreya, S. K. et al. (2006) PSS, 54, 1177-1187. [2] Sotin, C. et al. (2005) Science, 435, 786-789. [3] Lorenz, R. D. et al. (2008), GRL, 35, L02206. [4] Lorenz, R. D. et al. (2006) Science, 312, 724-727. [5] Le Mouélic, S. et al. (2008) LPSC XXXIX, abstract 1730. [6] Le Mouélic, S. et al. (2008) JGR, 113, E04003. [7] Barnes, J. W. et al. (2007) Icarus, 186, 242-258. [8] Barnes, J. W. et al. (2008) Icarus, 195, 400-414. [9] Radebaugh, J. et al. (2008) Icarus, 194, 690-703. [10] Lunine, J. I. et al. (2008) Icarus, 195, 415-433. [11] Soderblom, L. A. et al. (2007) PSS, 55, 2025-2036. [12] Stiles, B. W. et al (2008) The Astronomical Journal, 135, 1669-1680.

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