Formation of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies: a New Hybrid Tree-Pm Code.

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Scientific paper

We report the development of a hybrid code that combines the accuracy of a Tree code with the speed of a Particle-Mesh (PM) code. Several tests are performed and reported. The formation of clusters of galaxies in an expanding Universe is investigated. We investigate two models of the Universe for the same initial conditions, one with the standard CDM power law spectrum with Omega = 1 and with Omega = 0.2. The level of substructure in the final cluster can be used as a discriminant of the cosmic mean density. We find that it is possible to define statistics that can be determined from real clusters by observational means and allow us to discriminate between the two Universe models. We also investigate the effect of the tidal field due to a spherical cluster on its elliptical galaxies members. For a choice of parameters characteristic of rich clusters we find that the induced ellipticity on a spherical galaxy is below or close to the detectability level. But we find that the tidal torque can result in significant isophotal alignment of the galaxies' major axis with the cluster radial direction if the galaxy is outside the cluster core radius. The time required for the alignment is very short compared with the Hubble time. As a consequence we predict an alignment segregation of the elliptical galaxy population according to whether their orbits lie mostly outside or inside the cluster core radius. There is also a significant increase in the ellipticity in the outer isophotes of an initially prolate galaxy because of the cluster. We have investigated the formation of the dark halo of a galaxy in the context of an Universe that is generally expanding and has other structures collapsing. Our model has Omega = 1 in cold dark matter. We present a simulation of a galaxy of a mass of about 6times 1012 M_odot that forms in a piece of evolving Universe 10 Mpc on the side. The density profile of the galaxy is evaluated at different redshifts. We find that the density profile of the galaxy dark halo has a large core.

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