Fluid inclusion and phase equilibrium studies at the Cannivan Gulch molybdenum deposit, Montana, USA: Effect of CO 2 on molybdenite-powellite stability

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The molybdenum deposit at Cannivan Gulch is characterized by both stockwork- and skarn type mineralization. The vein mineral assemblages, however, differ considerably between the various host rocks. In the Cannivan stock, molybdenite occurs in typical quartz + K-feldspar or quartz + muscovite veins. In the country rocks, molybdenite occurs in chlorite + pyrite + magnetite veins containing variable amounts of quartz, calcite, and epidote. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite contain aqueous liquid, CO 2 liquid, and CO 2 vapor (average X CO 2 = 0.05). Microthermometric and Laser Raman microspectrographic analyses indicate CO 2 is the principal volatile phase. First melting temperatures in the aqueous portion indicate the dissolved salt is principally NaCl. Final CO 2 -clathrate melting temperatures indicate NaCl contents ranging from 2 to 7 wt% relative to H 2 O. Homogenization temperatures range from 196 to 272°C. Four chlorite temperatures from two samples range from 296 to 319°C. In P - T space, the four chlorite univariants intersect four fluid inclusion isochores (from the same samples) at temperatures of 300 ± 20° C and 1500 ± 300 bars, which are the inferred P and T of molybdenite formation. Mineral equilibria in vein assemblages from country rocks at Cannivan Gulch indicate f O 2 and f S 2 conditions of molybdenite formation between the pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite and pyrite-magnetite-hematite buffers. Formation of a calcite-molybdenite assemblage over powellite suggests that even small amounts of CO 2 ( X CO 2 = 0.05) in an ore fluid greatly extend the stability field of molybdenite to higher oxygen fugacities.

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