Elementary Trigonometric Sums related to Quadratic Residues

Details Elementary Trigonometric Sums related to Quadratic Residues Elementary Trigonometric Sums related to Quadratic Residues

2010-01-15

arxiv.org/abs/1001.2638v2

Mathematics

Number Theory

Revised and extended version of the expository-pedagogical article with the slightly different title "A trigonometric sum rela

Scientific paper

Let p be a prime = 3 (mod 4). A number of elegant number-theoretical properties of the sums T(p) = \sqrt{p}sum_{n=1}^{(p-1)/2} tan(n^2\pi/p) and C(p) = \sqrt{p}sum_{n=1}^{(p-1)/2} cot(n^2\pi/p) are proved. For example, T(p) equals p times the excess of the odd quadratic residues over the even ones in the set {1,2,...,p-1}; this number is positive if p = 3 (mod 8) and negative if p = 7 (mod 8). In this revised version the connection of these sums with the class-number h(-p) is also discussed. For example, a very simple formula expressing h(-p) by means of the aforementioned excess is proved. The bibliography has been considerably enriched.

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