Other
Scientific paper
Jan 1923
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1923phrv...21...38k&link_type=abstract
Physical Review, vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 38-45
Other
Scientific paper
Capillary electrometer.-(1) Comparison of effects of direct and alternating voltages. A special form of electrometer was used, in which a horizontal capillary whose bore gradually increased from the middle toward both ends, connected a reservoir of mercury and a reservoir of a saturated solution of mercurous sulphate. In agreement with well-known results, when a direct current was sent from the solution to the mercury, the pressure required to keep the end of the mercury thread at the middle of the capillary increased with the voltage to a maximum of about 24 cm. at 1.1 volts, whereas with a current in the opposite direction, the negative pressure required increased to a maximum of only 4 cm. for 0.2 volt which was the limit for consistent measurements because of the generation of gas. An alternating current was found to move the thread in the same direction as a direct current from the solution. This is not due to the direct current component produced by the rectifying action of the electrometer, for this component is in the opposite direction and when it was eliminated by the use of a condenser still larger deflections were obtained, the pressure readings increasing more or less linearly with the voltage up to 10.5 cm. for 1.15 volts and then remaining constant to 1.4 volts. The same results were obtained with frequencies up to 200 as with 60 cycles. (2) Transition layer theory, which had been suggested in explanation of the e.m.f. of a voltaic cell, also explains these results, at least better than the Helmholtz theory. It is assumed that between the mercury and the solution is a transition layer in which the positive and negative ions are partly segregated. An electrical current passing through the layer would change the extent of this segregation and hence alter the corresponding difference of potential and potential energy of the layer. As a consequence, the impressed negative voltage required to neutralize the normal transition e.m.f. E is not numerically equal to E, as assumed by the Helmholtz theory, but somewhat greater; and when an alternating current passes through, the decrease in electrical potential energy during half a cycle should be quite different in value from the increase during the other half cycle. These conclusions are in agreement with the above results.
Kleeman R. D.
Simonds D. T.
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