Determination of the Sun's orbit: Hipparchus, Ptolemy, al-Battāni, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe.

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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History Of Astronomy: Planetary Theories

Scientific paper

The historical records show that the numerical value of the solar eccentricity - an essential parameter for any planetary theory - decreased linearly from Hipparchus and Ptolemy through al-Battāni and many other Islamic astronomers to Copernicus. The unprecedented accuracy of Tycho Brahe's observations forced him to take the historical way back and to adopt a much greater value than Copernicus. The problem of these historical values of the solar eccentricity has already been studied extensively and has been explained in terms of the errors of the underlying observations. The present study aims at finding the causes of those errors. Specifically, it is concerned with (1) the theoretical deviation of Hipparchus' solar hypothesis from modern theory; (2) the mathematical derivation of the historical solar elements by means of the underlying observations and the modern values; (3) the analysis of the underlying observational errors.

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