Mathematics – Logic
Scientific paper
Mar 2006
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2006aipc..822..123a&link_type=abstract
1st CRISIS IN COSMOLOGY CONFERENCE, CCC-1. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 822, pp. 123-143 (2006).
Mathematics
Logic
Observational Cosmology, Mathematical And Relativistic Aspects Of Cosmology
Scientific paper
This paper is the second of two papers on determining the dynamical state and metric of the universe. In the first paper, a new light curve broadening effect specific to type Ia supernovae was discovered which lead to the falsification of the expanding universe model. A static universe model was then confirmed by Tolman surface brightness tests of the brightest cluster galaxies.
In this paper, a pure wave system is proposed as a basis for a new model of the universe. It is hypothesized that the constructive interference peaks of the wave modes are the mass particles. Furthermore, it is proved that the intensity of the wave modes varies as 1/r instead of the expected 1/r2. Consequently, the interactions of distant mass particles via the wave modes are the source of the energy for local mass particles and photons. The energy of these wave mode interactions and the classical gravitational potential energy then are identically the same.
A ``local'' universe is studied first since it is simply a large sphere within a ``background'' universe with a constant mass density. A simple eigenvalue equation is used to calculate the eigenvalues of the wave modes in the local universe. Results show that the frequency and energy of the mass particles increases with the number of interacting mass particles. Then, as the radius of the local universe increases, an equilibrium state exists when the gravitational potential energy equals the eigenvalue energy of a mass particle. However, calculations show that an equilibrium state for the local universe does not exist because the calculated eigenvalue energy of a mass particle is too small.
Since the local universe concept does not work, I considered a group of local universes within a sphere with a radius twice that of a local universe. This is named a ``configuration'' universe for obvious reasons. The local universes within the configuration universe interact through one mass particle which is at the center of the configuration universe and coincident with a point on the surface of each local universe. Interactions between mass particles then occur only between mass particles within each local universe except for the single mass particle on the surface of each local universe. This particle interacts with all the mass particles in the local universes. Then, calculations show that with the larger radius and mass of the configuration universe, an equilibrium solution exists.
The configuration universe model is essential to the explanation of the Hubble redshift because it allows the existence of local universes. Without the local universes, no explanation of the Hubble redshift appears possible.
The Hubble redshift process is described as follows: As a photon propagates in a local universe, it interacts with fewer mass particles and, therefore, looses gravitational potential energy. This loss of energy by the photon over cosmological distances is no different, in principle, than the loss of gravitational potential energy by a photon rising in the gravitational field of the earth. For small distances, the energy loss is proportional to s/RL where s is the distance the photon moves and RL is the radius of the local universe.
Surprisingly, the Hubble redshift model predicts that 6.39 is the maximum possible redshift from the equation z = exp (s/RL) - 1 with s = 2RL. Although it is perhaps only coincidental, the highest spectroscopic redshift measured (as of September 4, 2005) is 6.29 from a gamma-ray burst.
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