Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
May 1988
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1988ap%26ss.144..549c&link_type=abstract
Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1-2, May 1988, p. 549-556.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
Cosmic Rays, Interstellar Magnetic Fields, Interstellar Matter, Pulsars, Stellar Atmospheres, Electric Fields, Exosphere, Photosphere, Velocity Distribution
Scientific paper
'Dead' pulsars outnumber 'live' pulsars by a factor of 10,000. It is estimated that there are 3 x 10 to the 9th of them in the Galaxy. The exospheres of the atmosphere of 'dead' pulsars are characterized by cosmic-ray energies per particle, as the result of accretion of cold particles from interstellar space. Velocities of particles in the exosphere tend to be 'Maxwellianized' by collisions there. The temperature of the exosphere from which particles escape is the order of 10 to the 12th K while the temperature of the photosphere closer to the surface of the pulsar is of the order of 10 to the 7th K. Collisions in the exosphere result in Jeans's type escape of cosmic rays with GeV energies at infinity. Two broad ranges of conditions for the exospheres are considered (1) with no magnetic fields involved, and (2) with magnetic fields. Similar conclusions are reached regarding the escape of cosmic rays. Conditions are delineated such that the exospheres of 'dead'pulsars might be major sources of cosmic rays.
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