Contribution of Microwave Remote Sensing from Satellites to Studies on the Earth Energy Budget and the Hydrological Cycle

Mathematics – Logic

Scientific paper

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Scientific paper

Microwaves contribute less than marginally to the energy budget of the Earth-atmosphere system. However, the special interaction properties of atmospheric constituents and of the Earth surface in this remote frequency range renders microwaves a valuable tool to obtain information about several components of and important parameters for the Earth-atmosphere energy budget and its hydrological cycle. Similar to the thermal infrared, passive microwave measurements at the wings of strong absorption lines of homogeneously mixed gases and water vapor enable the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles. Unlike in the infrared and visible wavelengths the cloudy atmosphere is mostly transparent in the microwave spectral range, giving microwave sensors a nearly all-weather sensing capability. Over the oceans the surface longwave radiation balance, total water vapor content, liquid water content of non-precipitating clouds, rain intensity, surface wind speed, wind direction, and wave spectra can be retrieved from passive and active microwave sensors. Over continental areas surface properties, which influence heat and water exchange with the atmosphere, like vegetation and soil moisture, can be estimated with some accuracy in addition to precipitation. In combination with other sensors synergistic effects extend the use of microwaves to ocean surface latent heat fluxes and possibly cloud type information

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