Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy
Scientific paper
Jun 1991
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1991qjras..32..189t&link_type=abstract
Royal Astronomical Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-8738), vol. 32, June 1991, p. 189-191.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astronomy
Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Interstellar Communication, Classifying, Culture (Social Sciences), Energy Consumption
Scientific paper
A scheme of classification of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) communities based on the scope of energy accessible to the civilization in question is proposed as an alternative to the Kardeshev (1964) scheme that includes three types of civilization, as determined by their levels of energy expenditure. The proposed scheme includes six classes: (1) a civilization that runs essentially on energy exerted by individual beings or by domesticated lower life forms, (2) harnessing of natural sources on planetary surface with artificial constructions, like water wheels and wind sails, (3) energy from fossils and fissionable isotopes, mined beneath the planet surface, (4) exploitation of nuclear fusion on a large scale, whether on the planet, in space, or from primary solar energy, (5) extensive use of antimatter for energy storage, and (6) energy from spacetime, perhaps via the action of naked singularities.
Chang Grace
Tang Tong B.
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