Chemical Composition and Mineralogy of Marine Sediments

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Scientific paper

The earliest reports on the composition of deep-sea sediments resulted from the Challenger Expedition (1873-1876) (e.g., Tizzard et al., 1885; Murray and Renard, 1891). Many review papers on marine sediment composition have subsequently been published, including the ones by Revelle (1944), El Wakeel and Riley (1961), Arrhenius (1963), Goldberg (1963), Chester and Aston (1976), Glasby (1977), Bischoff and Piper (1979), Baturin (1982, 1988), Notholt and Jarvis (1990), Nicholson et al. (1997), Glenn et al. (2000), and Li (2000). The constituents of a marine sediment are often classified according to their origin ( Table 1; after Goldberg, 1963). The detrital component is made up of cosmogenous and lithogenous materials. Cosmic spherules contain particles of FeNi that are formed by ablation of iron meteorites as they pass through Earth's atmosphere, as well as fragments of silicate chondrules ( Arrhenius, 1963). Lithogenous constituents of marine sediments are the minerals derived from weathering of rock on land or on the seafloor, or from the volcanic eruptions ( Goldberg, 1963; see review in Windom (1976)). The biogenous component is made up of the tests of planktic and benthic organisms, as well as biogenic apatite (see review in Berger (1976)). The hydrogenous fraction of marine sediment encompasses phases formed by inorganic precipitation from seawater. Elderfield (1976) and Piper and Heath (1989) provide comprehensive reviews of hydrogenous material in marine sediments.

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