Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources - Fifteen years of progress

Mathematics

Scientific paper

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Frequency Stability, Frequency Standards, Harmonic Oscillators, Instrument Errors, Phase Shift, Time Functions, Fourier Analysis, Frequency Response, Mathematical Models, Stable Oscillations, Technology Assessment, Time Response, Transfer Functions

Scientific paper

The paper presents a review of parameters proposed for phase and frequency-instability characterization in precision frequency sources. Attention is given to a mathematical model for the oscillator quasi-sinusoidal output signal noting deterministic and random variations. Frequency stability is discussed both in the Fourier frequency domain and in the time domain. The role of transfer functions in calculating time-domain parameters (i.e., variances) from frequency-domain parameters (i.e., spectral densities) is considered. Finite-time frequency control is described along with frequency instability over a time interval. Tests designed to measure frequency stability in both frequency and time domains are outlined including frequency versus time-domain measurements, automated measurements, and measurement system hierarchies.

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