Characterization of avalanche photodiode arrays for temporally resolved photon counting

Computer Science – Performance

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Scientific paper

The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) is a next-generation campaign aimed at measuring the earth-moon separation with millimeter precision. Doing so requires precision measurements of the time-of-flight of photons between the earth and moon. APOLLO will utilize new technology in the form of avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays to detect and time-tag the lunar return photons. The APD arrays were provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory but with no accompanying electronic circuitry for biasing or reading out the detectors. I describe the design, construction and testing of the electronics to bias the arrays and detect photons. Once a final prototype version of the electronics was developed, I characterized the temporal and spatial response of the detectors at two different wavelengths: 786 nm and 668 nm. A simple model of APD performance was developed and compared reasonably well with the experimental data. This model was used to predict the detector performance at 532 nm—the wavelength used for APOLLO.

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