ART^2 : Coupling Lyman-alpha Line and Multi-wavelength Continuum Radiative Transfer

Details ART^2 : Coupling Lyman-alpha Line and Multi-wavelength Continuum Radiative Transfer ART^2 : Coupling Lyman-alpha Line and Multi-wavelength Continuum Radiative Transfer

2011-09-22

arxiv.org/abs/1109.4891v1

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics

Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics

19 pages, 16 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Scientific paper

Narrow-band Lya line and broad-band continuum have played important roles in the discovery of high-redshift galaxies in recent years. Hence, it is crucial to study the radiative transfer of both Lya and continuum photons in the context of galaxy formation and evolution in order to understand the nature of distant galaxies. Here, we present a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree (ART^2), which couples Lya line and multi-wavelength continuum, for the study of panchromatic properties of galaxies and interstellar medium. This code is based on the original version of Li et al., and features three essential modules: continuum emission from X-ray to radio, Lya emission from both recombination and collisional excitation, and ionization of neutral hydrogen. The coupling of these three modules, together with an adaptive refinement grid, enables a self-consistent and accurate calculation of the Lya properties. As an example, we apply ART^2 to a cosmological simulation that includes both star formation and black hole growth, and study in detail a sample of massive galaxies at redshift z=8.5, 6.2, and 3.1, respectively. We find that these galaxies are Lya emitters (LAEs), whose Lya emission traces the dense gas region and show a characteristic shape of gas inflow. Furthermore, the Lya properties change with time and environment. Our results suggest that LAEs evolve with redshift, and that early LAEs such as the most distant one detected at z ~ 8.6 may be dwarf galaxies with a high star formation rate fueled by infall of cold gas, and a low Lya escape fraction.

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