An Infrared Precision Radial Velocity Search for Earth-Mass Planets

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We discuss the scientific motivation and design of the Precision Radial Velocity Spectrograph (PRVS), a potential next generation near-infrared instrument for the Gemini Observatory. PRVS is a fiber-fed, white-pupil, cooled echelle (R=70,000) spectrograph working in the Y, J and H bands. Using a simultaneous arc-line calibration method, long-term instrumental radial velocity precisions of less than 1 m/s can be achieved. Through modelling and simulation of the fundamental Doppler information in the spectra of stars, considerations of intrinsic stellar stability, and the effects of telluric contamination, we conclude that the best place to search for earth-mass planets in the habitable zone using their radial velocity signatures is around mid- to late-M dwarf stars at wavelengths of 1-2 microns. Mock surveys show that PRVS can survey several hundred stars for planets in the range 1-10 earth-mass over a period of five years and provide an important test of planet formation models. We also compare the observing niche of PRVS with other techniques proposed to search for earth-mass planets.

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