Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
2007-03-28
Am.J.Phys.76:265-276,2008
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
32 pages, 4 tables; modified version accepted for publication in the American Journal of Physics
Scientific paper
10.1119/1.2830536
The general relativistic cosmological Friedmann equations which describe how the scale factor of the universe evolves are expanded explicitly to include energy forms not usually seen. The evolution of the universe as predicted by the Friedmann equations when dominated by a single, isotropic, stable, static, perfect-fluid energy form is discussed for different values of its gravitational pressure to density ratio $w$. These energy forms include phantom energy ($w<-1$), cosmological constant ($w=-1$), domain walls ($w = -2/3$), cosmic strings ($w = -1/3$), normal matter ($w = 0$), radiation and relativistic matter ($w = 1/3$), and a previously little-discussed form of energy called "ultralight" ($w>1/3$). A brief history and possible futures of Friedmann universes dominated by a single energy form are discussed.
Nemiroff Robert J.
Patla Bijunath
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