A study of the composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays using the High-Resolution Fly's Eye

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The composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) was studied with the High Resolution Fly's Eye cosmic ray observatory (HiRes). HiRes is an air fluorescence detector comprised of two sites separated by 12.6 km on the U.S. Army's Dugway Proving Ground in the West Desert of Utah. Utilizing the atmosphere as a calorimeter, the longitudinal development of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is measured and the energies, composition, flux, and anisotropy in arrival direction of the highest energy particles are determined. The QGSJet01 and SIBYLL 2.1 hadronic interaction models were used in versions 6.005 and 6.010 of the CORSIKA event generator to determine which measurable EAS parameters were correlated with UHECR compositon and to study predicted elongation rates and Xmax distribution widths in the UHECR regime. The CORSIKA-generated EAS were incorporated directly into a detailed atmospheric and detector Monte Carlo. Data were collected in stereo between November 1999 and September 2001. The data were reconstructed using measurements of the atmosphere, well-determined geometry, a global profile fit, and a detailed Monte Carlo. Monte Carlo resolution is 30 gm/cm2 in Xmax and 13% in Energy. The Elongation Rate between 1017.7 eV and 1020 eV is 55.2 ± 5.0 (stat) ± 3.6 (sys). Xmax distribution widths are consistent with a slowly changing and predominantly light composition. A simple composition model containing only protons and iron nuclei was compared to QGSJet and SIBYLL. The best agreement between the model and the data is at 77% protons for QGSJet and 57% protons for SIBYLL.

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