A simple symmetry generating operads related to rooted planar $m$-ary trees and polygonal numbers

Details A simple symmetry generating operads related to rooted planar $m$-ary trees and polygonal numbers A simple symmetry generating operads related to rooted planar $m$-ary trees and polygonal numbers

2005-12-19

arxiv.org/abs/math/0512437v1

Mathematics

Combinatorics

30 pages

Scientific paper

The aim of this paper is to further explore an idea from J.-L. Loday briefly exposed in [5]. We impose a natural and simple symmetry on a unit action over the most general quadratic relation which can be written. This leads us to two families of binary, quadratic and regular operads whose free objects, as well as their duals in the sense of Ginzburg and Kapranov are computed. Roughly speaking, free objects found here are in relation to $m$-ary trees, triangular numbers and more generally $m$-tetrahedral numbers, homogeneous polynomials on $m$ commutative indeterminates over a field $K$ and polygonal numbers. Involutive connected P-Hopf algebras are constructed and a link to genomics is discussed. We also propose in conclusion some open questions.

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