A review of upstream and bow shock energetic-particle measurements

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Bow Waves, Energetic Particles, Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, Particle Acceleration, Shock Waves, Upstream, Collisionless Plasmas, Earth Magnetosphere, High Energy Electrons, Plasma Diagnostics, Proton Energy

Scientific paper

Measurements of energetic electrons and protons frequently observed in the interplanetary medium upstream from the bow shock are reviewed. Properties of the accelerated particles and their interactions are investigated and an interpretative model is given for the propagation and spatial distribution of bow-shock-accelerated particles as they move upstream. Burst of electrons with energy 0.5 to 100 keV and duration 1 to 100 s appear when the spacecraft is on a field line tangent to the bow shock surface. The electrons move upstream in a thin, curved sheet lying nearly along the interplanetary-magnetic-field direction; the upstream ions, on the other hand, occupy a much larger spatial region.

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