Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy
Scientific paper
May 2011
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2011spd....42.2404k&link_type=abstract
American Astronomical Society, SPD meeting #42, #24.04; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 43, 2011
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astronomy
Scientific paper
The Kiplinger effect is an observed association of solar energetic particle (SEP) events with a "soft-hard-harder” (SHH) spectral evolution during the extended phases of the associated solar hard X-ray flares. Besides its possible use as a space weather predictor of SEP events, the Kiplinger effect has been interpreted as evidence of SEP production in the flare site itself. This interpretation contradicts the widely accepted view that SEPs of large events are predominately or entirely accelerated in shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We examine the evidence supporting the association of SHH flares with SEP events and note the limitations of that association. The latter include the criteria used to define the SHH events and the peak intensities of the associated SEP events. The relationship of SHH and non-SHH X-ray flares to their associated CMEs is also explored to attempt to understand the physical relationship among SEP events, SHH flares, and CMEs.
Kahler Stephen W.
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Tylka Allen
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