Other
Scientific paper
Mar 2004
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2004georl..3105401f&link_type=abstract
Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 5, CiteID L05401
Other
9
Hydrology: Glaciology (1863), Hydrology: Floods, Hydrology: Snow And Ice (1827), Information Related To Geographic Region: Arctic Region, Information Related To Geographic Region: Europe
Scientific paper
The largest glacier outburst flood (jökulhlaup) ever recorded in Iceland occurred in 1996 and came from subglacial lake Grímsvötn in Vatnajökull ice cap. Among other noteworthy features, this flood was characterized by an unprecedentedly high lake level prior to flood initiation, extremely rapid linear rise in lake discharge, delay between the onset of lake drainage and floodwater arrival at the glacier terminus, formation of short-lived supraglacial fountains, and initially unchannelized outbursts of floodwater at the terminus. Observations suggest that the 1996 flood propagation mechanism was fundamentally different than that of previously observed floods from Grímsvötn. We advance a new model whereby floodwater initially propagates in a turbulent subglacial sheet, which feeds a nascent system of conduits. This model is able to explain key observations made of the 1996 jökulhlaup and may shed light on other outburst floods that do not conform to the standard model.
Björnsson Helgi
Clarke Garry K. C.
Flowers Gwenn E.
Pálsson Finnur
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