Dust temperature and IR emission in high extinction molecular clouds

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Cosmic Dust, Infrared Astronomy, Interstellar Extinction, Molecular Clouds, Radiative Heat Transfer, Stellar Models, Brightness Distribution, Protostars, Stellar Luminosity, Stellar Spectra, Stellar Temperature

Scientific paper

The IR emission from massive, high extinction molecular clouds, heated by a source of energy located near the edge of the cloud has been studied by computing a set of theoretical models.
The dust temperature distribution is practically symmetric around the source of energy. The bulk of the cloud volume contains rather cold grains (Td ≲ 20 K), whose temperature varies by less than a factor of 2. Td is insensitive to the spectral distribution of the energy source, and scales with the source luminosity approximately as L1/5S and with the cloud radius as R2c'5 Variations of the individual dust parameters (a, nd, Q0λ0) do not affect Td, as long as the IR dust opacity (∝ nda2Q0λ0) does not change. The temperature distribution computed assuming τ=0 is a strict upper limit for Td and is in excess by a factor of 2 at most in the cases we have considered.
The IR radiation field is strongly anisotropic, with maximum and minimum intensity for inclination angles i = 90° and i = 270°, respectively. Thus, the luminosity and the spectral distribution of the observed radiation vary strongly with i. The brightness distribution is generally characterized by the presence of a narrow component, centered on the source of energy, superposed on a smooth, large scale emission, which contains a considerable fraction (always greater than ∼40%) of the total luminosity. Clouds heated by evolved H II regions show a shell-like structure with possible shifts of the position of the brightness peak with λ.

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