Superwinds in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: The Fall Sample

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Large-scale galactic outflows, or superwinds, are ubiquitous in both local and high-redshift (Lyman-break) star-forming galaxies. They likely have a substantial impact on galaxy formation and evolution, and are responsible for at least some of the observed heating and enrichment of the intergalactic and intracluster media. Yet the nature and frequency of superwinds over most of cosmic history remains unquantified. We are conducting a survey of starburst-dominated ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) in the range 0.1 < z < 0.6. We currently have confirmation of an outflow of warm neutral gas in 8 low-z (z < 0.3) and 7 moderate-z (z > 0.3) ULIGs. Blueshifted absorption in the Na I D feature indicates the presence of superwinds, and our initial analysis shows that the reheating efficiency and gaseous escape fraction in these winds are high. This may imply that ULIGs are significant polluters of the intergalactic medium at moderate z, given that their number density increases strongly with z. To better quantify the average characteristics of these outflows, we must double our sample size at both low and moderate z. We propose to use the R-C spectrograph on the KPNO 4m for z < 0.3 objects and the Red Channel spectrograph (in echellette mode) on the MMT for z > 0.3. Our previous data were obtained on Keck II in the context of another program; we do not have further guaranteed or direct access to this telescope. This survey is part of an approved Ph.D. thesis project (D. Rupke).

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