The Evolution of Wide-Orbit Proto-Gas Giants Born by Disk Instability: The Pre-Dissociative Collapse Phase

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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Scientific paper

At very large separations from the star, gravitational instabilities can fail to self-regulate, leading to fragmentation of spiral structure into substellar companions. In this mechanism, clumps will evolve for a period of time in a massive disk. It remains unclear whether gas giants can be a typical outcome of this process, or whether mass accretion to brown dwarf masses is inevitable. Following fragmentation, clumps have considerable angular momentum and are subject to tidal perturbations from the star. Only the low-angular momentum material will undergo rapid collapse, due to molecular hydrogen dissociation, and form a planet-size core. The rest of the material will form a circumplanetary disk. We use hydrodynamics simulations of clumps during their pre-collapse evolution to explore the angular momentum transport during these early stages. We compare the contraction timescales for rotating cases with those expected for clumps in isolation. Angular momentum and tidal effects play a fundamental role in determining the mass scale of the post-collapse cores, as well as the observability of these objects. ACB acknowledges support through a Sagan Fellowship.

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