Radio synthesis observations of M2-9, the Butterfly nebula

Details Radio synthesis observations of M2-9, the Butterfly nebula Radio synthesis observations of M2-9, the Butterfly nebula

Mar 1985

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1985a%26a...144..321k&link_type=abstract

Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 144, no. 2, March 1985, p. 321-326.

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astronomy

26

Planetary Nebulae, Radio Sources (Astronomy), Stellar Winds, Bipolarity, Radiant Flux Density, Radio Spectra, Stellar Evolution, Synthetic Apertures

Scientific paper

Observations of the bipolar planetary nebula M2-9 have been made at five different radio wavelengths using the VLA and Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. The measurements allow separate determinations of the flux density spectra of the core and the nebular 'wings' of the object. The core spectrum indicates mass loss from the central star at a rate of 3.3 x 10 to the -5th (v/1600 km/s) (D/kpc) to the 3/2-power solar masses/year. Unresolved (less than 1.3 arcsec) knots of radio emission are observed in the nebula, which correspond to high-density condensations observed at optical wavelengths. A comparison of the radio emission measures of these condensations with the electron densities determined from optical measurements suggests a distance of about 1 kpc for M2-9. It is proposed that M2-9 is descended from a rotating red giant progenitor, and that the bipolar morphology is the result of a rapid expansion of the ionization front in the N-S directions.

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