Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
2005-11-01
Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc.Lett.366:L13-L16,2006
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
9 pages, 1 figure, 1 table; accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters
Scientific paper
10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00121.x
The early X-ray afterglow for a significant number of gamma-ray bursts detected by the Swift satellite is observed to have a phase of very slow flux decline with time ($F_\nu \propto t^{-\alpha}$ with $0.2 \lesssim \alpha \lesssim 0.8$) for $10^{2.5} s \lesssim t \lesssim 10^4$ s, while the subsequent decline is the usual $1 \lesssim \alpha_3 \lesssim 1.5$ behavior, that was seen in the pre-Swift era. We show that this behavior is a natural consequence of a small spread in the Lorentz factor of the ejecta, by a factor of $\sim 2-4$, where the slower ejecta gradually catch-up with the shocked external medium, thus increasing the energy of forward shock and delaying its deceleration. The end of the ``shallow'' flux decay stage marks the beginning of the Blandford-McKee self similar external shock evolution. This suggests that most of the energy in the relativistic outflow is in material with a Lorentz factor of $\sim 30-50$.
Granot Jonathan
Kumar Pawan
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