Constraining a possible time-variation of the gravitational constant through "gravitochemical heating" of neutron stars

Details Constraining a possible time-variation of the gravitational constant through "gravitochemical heating" of neutron stars Constraining a possible time-variation of the gravitational constant through "gravitochemical heating" of neutron stars

2006-06-29

arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0606708v2

Phys.Rev.Lett. 97 (2006) 131102

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics

4 pages, including 2 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett. Revised version includes minor changes in the wordi

Scientific paper

10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.131102

A hypothetical time-variation of the gravitational constant $G$ would cause neutron star matter to depart from beta equilibrium, due to the changing hydrostatic equilibrium. This forces non-equilibrium beta processes to occur, which release energy that is invested partly in neutrino emission and partly in heating the stellar interior. Eventually, the star arrives at a stationary state in which the temperature remains nearly constant, as the forcing through the change of $G$ is balanced by the ongoing reactions. Comparing the surface temperature of the nearest millisecond pulsar, PSR J0437-4715, inferred from ultraviolet observations, with our predicted stationary temperature, we estimate two upper limits for this variation: (1) $|\dot G/G| < 2 \times 10^{-10}$ yr$^{-1}$, if we allow direct Urca reactions operating in the neutron star core, and (2) $|\dot G/G| < 4 \times 10^{-12}$ yr$^{-1}$, considering only modified Urca reactions. Both results are competitive with those obtained by other methods, with (2) being among the most restrictive.

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