Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
2006-09-19
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
14 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Scientific paper
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11080.x
We analyse those objects in the Brightest 55 sample of clusters of galaxies which have a short central cooling time and a central temperature drop. Such clusters are likely to require some form of heating. Where clear radio bubbles are observed in these clusters, their energy injection is compared to the X-ray cooling rate. Of the 20 clusters requiring heating, at least 14 have clear bubbles, implying a duty cycle for the bubbling activity of at least 70 per cent. The average distance out to which the bubbles can offset the X-ray cooling, r_heat is given by r_heat/r_cool=0.86+/-0.11 where r_cool is defined as the radius as which the radiative cooling time is 3 Gyr. 10 out of 16 clusters have r_heat/r_cool>1, but there is a large range in values. The clusters which require heating but show no clear bubbles were combined with those clusters which have a radio core to form a second sub-sample. Using r_heat=0.86 r_cool we calculate the size of an average bubble expected in these clusters. In five cases (3C129.1, A2063, A2204, A3112 and A3391) the radio morphology is bi-lobed and its extent similar to the expected bubble sizes. A comparison between the actual bubble size and the maximum expected if they were to offset the X-ray cooling exactly, R_max, shows a peak at R_bubble ~ 0.7 R_max with a tail extending to larger R_bubble/R_max. The offset from the expected value of R_bubble ~ R_max may indicate the presence of a non-thermal component in the innermost ICM of most clusters, with a pressure comparable to the thermal pressure.
Dunn R. J. H.
Fabian Andrea C.
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