Most Supermassive Black Holes must be Rapidly Rotating

Details Most Supermassive Black Holes must be Rapidly Rotating Most Supermassive Black Holes must be Rapidly Rotating

2001-12-17

arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112413v1

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics

8 Pages, Astrophysical Journal Letters, in press

Scientific paper

10.1086/339197

We use the integrated spectrum of the X-ray background and quasars Spectral Energy Distribution to derive the contribution of quasars to the energy output of the Universe. We find a lower limit for the energy from accretion onto black holes of 6%, of the total luminosity of the Universe and probably more, with 15% quite possible. Comparing these values with the masses of black holes in the center of nearby galaxies we show that the accretion process must be on average very efficient: at least 15% of the accreted mass must be transformed into radiated energy. This further implies that most supermassive black holes are rapidly rotating.

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