How Special Relativity Determines the Signs of the Nonrelativistic, Coulomb and Newtonian, Forces

Details How Special Relativity Determines the Signs of the Nonrelativistic, Coulomb and Newtonian, Forces How Special Relativity Determines the Signs of the Nonrelativistic, Coulomb and Newtonian, Forces

2004-11-04

arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0411026v2

Am J Phys 73 6 (2005)

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

8 pages. Amplified version, to appear in Am. J. Phys

Scientific paper

10.1119/1.1898503

We show that the empirical signs of the fundamental {\it static} Coulomb/Newton forces are dictated by the seemingly unrelated requirement that the photons/gravitons in the respective underlying Maxwell/Einstein physics be stable. This linkage, which is imposed by special relativity, is manifested upon decomposing the corresponding fields and sources in a gauge-invariant way, and without appeal to static limits. The signs of these free field excitation energies determine those of the instantaneous forces between sources; opposite Coulomb/Newton signs are direct consequences of the Maxwell/Einstein free excitations' odd/even spins.

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