Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
Jun 2003
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2003eso..pres...14.&link_type=abstract
ESO Press Release, 06/2003
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
Scientific paper
VLT Interferometer Measurements of Achernar Challenge Stellar Theory
Summary
To a first approximation, planets and stars are round. Think of the Earth we live on. Think of the Sun, the nearest star, and how it looks in the sky.
But if you think more about it, you realize that this is not completely true. Due to its daily rotation, the solid Earth is slightly flattened ("oblate") - its equatorial radius is some 21 km (0.3%) larger than the polar one. Stars are enormous gaseous spheres and some of them are known to rotate quite fast, much faster than the Earth. This would obviously cause such stars to become flattened. But how flat?
Recent observations with the VLT Interferometer (VLTI) at the ESO Paranal Observatory have allowed a group of astronomers [1] to obtain by far the most detailed view of the general shape of a fast-spinning hot star, Achernar (Alpha Eridani) , the brightest in the southern constellation Eridanus (The River).
They find that Achernar is much flatter than expected - its equatorial radius is more than 50% larger than the polar one! In other words, this star is shaped very much like the well-known spinning-top toy, so popular among young children.
The high degree of flattening measured for Achernar - a first in observational astrophysics - now poses an unprecedented challenge for theoretical astrophysics . The effect cannot be reproduced by common models of stellar interiors unless certain phenomena are incorporated, e.g. meridional circulation on the surface ("north-south streams") and non-uniform rotation at different depths inside the star.
As this example shows, interferometric techniques will ultimately provide very detailed information about the shapes, surface conditions and interior structure of stars .
PR Photo 15a/03 : The VLT Interferometer configuration for the Achernar measurements PR Photo 15b/03 : Achernar's "profile" , as measured by the VLTI. PR Photo 15c/03 : Models of Achernar's spatial shape. VLTI observations of Achernar
ESO PR Photo 15a/03
ESO PR Photo 15a/03
[Preview - JPEG: 400 x 502 pix - 40k [Normal - JPEG: 800 x 1004 pix - 216k]
Caption :PR Photo 15a/03 shows the configuration of the VLT Interferometer (VLTI) for the measurements of Achernar , described in this press release. The moveable, 40-cm test telescopes were positioned at specific "stations" (E0 + G1; B3 + M0; with baselines of 66 m and 140 m, respectively), allowing contiguous measurements in two nearly perpendicular directions. The two light beams were then sent via the path-compensating VLTI Delay Lines to the VINCI test instrument where they combined to form interferometric fringes. The positions of the four 8.2-m VLT Unit Telescopes are indicated by numbered circles.
Test observations with the VLT Interferometer (VLTI) at the Paranal Observatory proceed well [2], and the astronomers have now begun to exploit many of these first measurements for scientific purposes.
One spectacular result, just announced, is based on a series of observations of the bright, southern star Achernar (Alpha Eridani; the name is derived from "Al Ahir al Nahr" = "The End of the River"), carried out between September 11 and November 12, 2002. The two 40-cm siderostat test telescopes that served to obtain "First Light" with the VLT Interferometer in March 2001 were also used for these observations. They were placed at selected positions on the VLT Observing Platform at the top of Paranal to provide a "cross-shaped" configuration with two "baselines" of 66 m and 140 m, respectively, at 90° angle, cf. PR Photo 15a/03 .
At regular time intervals, the two small telescopes were pointed towards Achernar and the two light beams were directed to a common focus in the VINCI test instrument in the centrally located VLT Interferometric Laboratory. Due to the Earth's rotation during the observations, it was possible to measure the angular size of the star (as seen in the sky) in different directions. Achernar's profile
ESO PR Photo 15b/03
ESO PR Photo 15b/03
[Preview - JPEG: 400 x 464 pix - 35k [Normal - JPEG: 800 x 927 pix - 176k]
Caption: PR Photo 15b/03 shows the profile of the rapidly rotating star Achernar , as deduced from observations with the VLT Interferometer (VLTI) [3]. The size is indicated in units of 0.001 arcsec (milli-arcsec). Individual angular diameter measurements are indicated by pairs of small points with associated error bars on opposite sides of the center. The fully drawn curve represents the best fitting ellipse. The ratio of the axes is 1.56 ± 0.05. The major axis of this ellipse is a measure of the "real" size of the star. Because of the projection effect, the minor axis shows the largest possible extension in the perpendicular direction. The axes ratio is therefore a minimal value; the star may be even more flattened than suggested by this ellipse.
A first attempt to measure the geometrical deformation of a rapidly rotating star was carried out in 1974 with the Narrabri Intensity Interferometer (Australia) on the bright star Altair by British astronomer Hanbury Brown . However, because of technical limitations, those observations were unable to decide between different models for this star. More recently, Gerard T. Van Belle and collaborators observed Altair with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) , measuring its apparent axial ratio as 1.140 ± 0.029 and placing some constraints upon the relationship between rotation velocity and stellar inclination.
Achernar is a star of the hot B-type, with a mass of 6 times that of the Sun. The surface temperature is about 20,000 °C and it is located at a distance of 145 light-years.
The apparent profile of Achernar ( PR Photo 15b/03 ), based on about 20,000 VLTI interferograms (in the K-band at wavelength 2.2 µm) with a total integration time of over 20 hours, indicates a surprisingly high axial ratio of 1.56 ± 0.05 [3]. This is obviously a result of Achernar's rapid rotation.
Theoretical implications of the VLTI observations
ESO PR Photo 15c/03
ESO PR Photo 15c/03
[Preview - JPEG: 816 x 400 pix - 67k [Normal - JPEG: 1792 x 800 pix - 224k]
Caption:PR Photo 15c/03 provides a model view of Achernar , based on the profile measured with the VLTI, cf. PR Photo 15b/03 . Two different models are shown: in "A", the polar axis is inclined 50° to the line-of-sight; in "B", this angle is 90°
The angular size of Achernar's elliptical profile as indicated in PR Photo 15b/03 is 0.00253 ± 0.00006 arcsec (major axis) and 0.00162 ± 0.00001 arcsec (minor axis) [4], respectively. At the indicated distance, the corresponding stellar radii are equal to 12.0 ± 0.4 and 7.7 ± 0.2 solar radii, or 8.4 and 5.4 million km, respectively. The first value is a measure of the star's equatorial radius. The second is an upper value for the polar radius - depending on the inclination of the star's polar axis to the line-of-sight, it may well be even smaller.
The indicated ratio between the equatorial and polar radii of Achernar constitutes an unprecedented challenge for theoretical astrophysics, in particular concerning mass loss from the surface enhanced by the rapid rotation (the centrifugal effect) and also the distribution of internal angular momentum (the rotation velocity at different depths).
The astronomers conclude that Achernar must either rotate faster (and hence, closer to the "critical" (break-up) velocity of about 300 km/sec) than what the spectral observations show (about 225 km/sec from the widening of the spectral lines) or it must violate the rigid-body rotation.
The observed flattening cannot be reproduced by the "Roche-model" that implies solid-body rotation and mass concentration at the center of the star. The failure of that model is even more evident if the so-called "gravity darkening" effect is taken into account - this is a non-uniform temperature distribution on the surface which is certainly present on Achernar under such a strong geometrical deformation. Outlook
This new measurement provides a fine example of what is possible with the VLT Interferometer already at this stage of implementation. It bodes well for the futu
No affiliations
No associations
LandOfFree
Flattest Star Ever Seen does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this scientific paper.
If you have personal experience with Flattest Star Ever Seen, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Flattest Star Ever Seen will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFWR-SCP-O-1821892