Review of methods used in lunar organic analysis: Extraction and hydrolysis techniques

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Extraction, hydrolysis and crushing procedures have proven useful in analyzing for some of the carbon-containing compounds which are present in Apollo 11 and 12 lunar samples. Three main extraction methods employed with aqueous and nonaqueous solvents were refluxing in open and closed systems, Soxhlet extraction, and sonication. With water and acids, refluxing was the method of choice. Of the various nonaqueous solvent systems used, benzene: methanol mixtures were most often selected, and sonication was favored over Soxhlet extraction. Extraction of lunar samples with water followed by acid hydrolysis of the water extract was found to be superior to direct acid hydrolysis of lunar material in the search for amino acids or their precursors. Direct acid hydrolysis of lunar materials did demonstrate however, that carbides or carbide-like compounds are present on the moon. Hydrolysis with deuterated acids and bases showed that lunar samples contain indigenous methane and ethane and confirmed the presence of carbide-like materials. Crushing experiments also showed that gaseous hydrocarbons can be released from lunar samples.

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