Solar Wind Induced mass loss of planetary atmosphere

Computer Science

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Scientific paper

Direct measurements of mass-loading was first measured on Mars and Venus satellites Mars-2,-3, and -5 and Venera-9 and -10 in 1970th. It was concluded that this loss mechanism can be important factor of atmospheric evolution of Mars. Unexpected result of these experiments was the existence of planetary ions dominated tail (accretion tail) with sharp boundary between the tail and massloaded solar wind flow. This boundary forms due to combination of asymmetric mass-loading and escape of solar protons from the magnetic barrier. Location of this boundary is determined by the balance of the solar wind flux and the flux of mass-loading planetary ions. Subsequently this boundary was found at Halley's comet at the location that followed from the analysis of induced magnetospheres of Mars and Venus. Observations at earlier Mars and Venus satellites, at PVO, Phobos-2, Mars Express and Venus Express give somewhat contradictory results on the solar wind induced mass loss value. We review observations made at these spacecraft and compare them with expected mass loss from various theoretical considerations.

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