Existence of absolutely closed universe

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Classical Mechanics, Field Theory (Physics), Galactic Evolution, Isotropic Media, Universe, Black Holes (Astronomy), Cosmology, Galactic Clusters, Radii

Scientific paper

The mass within the spherical layer by which a closed isotropic Universe expands to its maximum radius is calculated according to classical mechanics and the Landau-Lifshits field theory. This mass is found to be universal and independent of the Universe's bare mass, which satisfies the pertinent general fundamental theorem. The imprecision of determining the maximum radius and thus also the volume of that spherical layer is accounted for. An analysis of the results in the light of concepts such as grey holes, black holes of the second kind, and maximum clusters leads to the conclusions that the Universe cannot be absolutely closed and cannot evolve from nothing, also that a black hole of second kind can be stable and have a mass of the order of a maximum mass but cannot evolve from simple collapse of stars.

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