Self-consistent Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Protostellar Disks

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Scientific paper

We present new numerical simulations in the thin-disk approximation which follow the collapse of a cloud core down to the formation of of a protostellar disk. A burst mode of accretion begins upon the formation of a centrifugally balanced disk around a newly formed protostar. It is comprised of prolonged quiescent periods of low accretion rate (typically < 10-7 \Msun yr -1) which are punctuated by intense bursts of accretion (typically > 10-4 \Msun yr-1, with duration < 100 yr) during which most of the protostellar mass is accumulated. The accretion bursts are associated with the formation of dense protostellar/protoplanetary embryos, which are later driven onto the protostar by the gravitational torques that develop in the disk. We conclude that most (if not all) protostars undergo a burst mode of evolution during their early accretion history, as inferred empirically from observations of FU Orionis variables. During the quiescent phase between the bursts and in the late accretion phase when the bursts have subsided, the sustained action of gravitational torques due to nonaxisymmetric perturbations drives a low-level accretion that agrees with observed values in T Tauri disks and enforces a surface density distribution (proportional to r-3/2) that is in agreement with estimates for the protosolar disk.

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