Other
Scientific paper
Jul 1986
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1986sciam.255...38b&link_type=abstract
Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), vol. 255, July 1986, p. 38-47.
Other
4
Cosmology, Galactic Clusters, High Energy Interactions, Universe, Adiabatic Conditions, Dark Matter, Filaments, Gravitation Theory, Mass Distribution, Neutrinos, Red Shift, Weak Interactions (Field Theory)
Scientific paper
Advances over the last decade are described in connection with a joint effort involving astronomers, particle physicists, and cosmologists attempting to understand the newly found superclusters and voids that populate the universe. The largest structures found and mapped so far, the superclusters, are long filaments or shells that are themselves made up of many clusters of galaxies. Clusters of galaxies tend to be approximately spherical in shape and may contain hundreds or thousands of galaxies each; superclusters may consist of tens of clusters linked like beads on a string. The largest known supercluster, found in the constellations of Perseus and Pegasus, is more than a billion light-years long. Voids containing little luminous matter separate superclusters from one another. It appears that perturbations in the very early universe relating to the separation of a single unified force into the four forces seen today (gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces) are responsible for the formation of these large structures. Models of events in the early universe are examined: the isothermal or bottom-up model (where small structures form first); the neutrino or top-down model; and the cold-particle or hybrid bottom-up model. Additional topics include: observationally testable predictions; supersymmetry; the distribution of dark matter; shadow matter; and cosmic strings and superstrings.
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