Other
Scientific paper
Jan 1998
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1998lpico.953...30n&link_type=abstract
The First International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, Proceedings of the Conference held at Camp Allen, TX.
Other
Albedo, Bidirectional Reflectance, Ice Mapping, Mars Surface, Snow, Snow Cover, Spectral Reflectance, Surface Temperature, Mars (Planet), Planetary Cryospheres, Polar Caps, Greenland, Laser Altimeters, Nonlinearity, Ice, Mars Global Surveyor
Scientific paper
With improvements in both instrumentation and algorithms, methods for mapping terrestrial snow cover using optical remote sensing data have progressed significantly over the past decade. Multispectral data can now be used to determine not only the presence or absence of snow but the fraction of snow cover in a pixel. Radiative transfer models have been used to quantify the nonlinear relationship between surface reflectance and grain size, thereby providing the basis for mapping snow grain size from surface reflectance images Because subpixel mixtures of snow and other land cover types create erroneous estimates of snow grain-size, the snow fraction information can be used in tandem with the grain size algorithm to limit its use to only those pixels that have complete snow cover. Model-derived characterization of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) provides the means for converting measured bidirectional reflectance to directional-hemispherical albedo. In recent work, this approach has allowed climatologists to examine the large-scale seasonal variability of albedo on the Greenland ice sheet. This seasonal albedo variability results from increases in snow grain size and exposure of the underlying ice cap as the seasonal snow cover ablates away. it will soon be possible to apply some of these terrestrial mapping methods to learn more about martian polar caps. What is most needed for this purpose is multispectral optical imagery. The extent and variability of the ice caps and their seasonal CO2 frost covering can be mapped with only a few spectral bands distributed through the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Imaging spectrometer data would provide the ability to quantify mineral-ice mixtures and to better characterize the martian atmosphere. These are both needed for albedo determinations while only the former is required for subpixel frost/ice mapping. Perhaps the most significant terrestrial mapping application is the potential use of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) to map grain size on the martian polar caps. Distinct differences exist between Mars and Earth ice mapping conditions, including surface temperature, ice type, ice-mineral mixtures, and atmospheric properties, so a direct application of terrestrial snow and ice mapping methods may not be possible. However, expertise in mapping and interpreting terrestrial snow and ice will contribute to the inventory of techniques for mapping planetary ices. Furthermore, adaptation of terrestrial methods will provide a basis for comparison of terrestrial and planetary cryospheric components.
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