White--Light Flares Observed by YOHKOH

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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Scientific paper

The YOHKOH observatory is producing a first sample of white-light flares observed from space. We present observations of three of these flares, 1991 Oct. 27, 1991 Nov. 15, and 1991 Dec. 3. Of these, the 1991 Nov. 15 was also well-observed with H-alpha spectroscopic imaging observations at Mees Observatory, Haleakala. The YOHKOH (SXT) white-light data typically have a 12-second cadence for images with 2.46 arc-sec pixels over a field of view of 2.62 arc min in one of two broad-band optical filters, and the Nov. 15 flare produced a brightness excess of about 25\ We describe the YOHKOH white-light observations in terms of morphology and flare energetics in the context of the X-ray observations. For the Nov. 15 flare, we find that the H-alpha emission wing spectroheliograms match closely with the continuum images. Such observations permit tests of models (``electron precipitation'') in which the non--thermal electrons responsible for the hard X-ray bremsstrahlung also excite the upper photosphere by direct heating and ionization. We find by comparison with the hard X-ray data that this mechanism is viable, but confirm the need for at least one additional mechanism for the excitation of the continuum.

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