Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
Dec 1996
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1996ncimc..19..893s&link_type=abstract
Nuovo Cimento C, Vol. 19C, N. 6, p. 893 - 902
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
1
Cosmic Rays: History, Cosmic Rays
Scientific paper
The Third Victor F. Hess Memorial Lecture traces the evolution of the cosmic-ray discipline from Hess' discovery in his balloon flights of 1911. Serendipitously, this led to the genesis of two major fields of research, high-energy elementary-particle physics and cosmic-ray astrophysics. The subsequent development of the latter field is traced from the early decades: identification of the position, the "soft component", muons, pions, and the elaboration of the electromagnetic theory of shower production, and the nuclear character of the main primary component. Symbiosis with radioastronomy, notably the understanding of the synchrotron radiation emitted from the Crab Nebula, revealed the role of supernova explosions in providing the energy for the galactic cosmic radiation. Fermi's use of magnetohydrodynamics in his acceleration mechanisms, and their subsequent realization in shock-wave theory are sketched. Detailed investigations of composition yielded knowledge of the propagation and transformations of the relativistic nuclei in passing through the interstellar medium. This made possible the evaluation of path length distributions, predictions of the arriving isotopic composition, the source composition, and cosmic-ray age. Finally, some tantalizing problems that remain are mentioned, notably those of the highest-energy and the lowest-energy cosmic rays.
Shapiro Marjorie
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