The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor - (Keynote Lecture)

Details The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor - (Keynote Lecture) The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor - (Keynote Lecture)

Jul 2000

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2000ssrv...93...11s&link_type=abstract

Space Science Reviews, v. 93, Issue 1/2, p. 11-32 (2000).

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The invention of the neutron monitor pile for the study of cosmic-ray intensity-time and energy changes began with the discovery in 1948 that the nucleonic component cascade in the atmosphere had a huge geomagnetic latitude dependence. For example, between 0° and 60° this dependence was a ˜ 200-400% effect - depending on altitude - thus opening the opportunity to measure the intensity changes in the arriving cosmic-ray nuclei down to ˜1-2 GeV nucl-1 for the first time. In these measurements the fast (high energy) neutron intensity was shown to be a surrogate for the nuclear cascade intensity in the atmosphere. The development of the neutron monitor in 1948-1951 and the first geomagnetic latitude network will be discussed. Among its early applications were: (1) to prove that there exists interplanetary solar modulation of galactic cosmic-rays (1952), and; (2) to provide the evidence for a dynamical heliosphere (1956). With the world-wide distribution of neutron monitor stations that are presently operating (˜ 50) many novel investigations are still to be carried out, especially in collaborations with spacecraft experiments.

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