Some problems connected with mass loss in late-type stars

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, Late Stars, Reaction Kinetics, Stellar Mass Ejection, Giant Stars, Mass Flow Rate, Stellar Coronas, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Structure, Stellar Winds, Supergiant Stars

Scientific paper

Observational and theoretical evidence for mass loss from various types of stars are summarized, and mechanisms for its generation are described, including shock waves, thermally driven winds, and radiation-driven winds with laminar flow. In particular, spectroscopic observations of Alpha Orionis are reported, and the K I, Ca II, and H I lines show that its atmosphere is divided into at least three zones: a photosphere fluctuating in both brightness and radial velocity, an expanding chromosphere hot enough (temperature on the order of 1000 K) to emit strong Balmer-line radiation and uncoupled from motions in the photosphere, and a cold, distant circumstellar shell. Furthermore, the 5.781 yr period for the mean radial velocity variation of the photosphere is found to be correct to within about 0.5%, and the flow of matter away from the star appears to begin in the chromosphere, where it is accelerated to about 50% of its terminal value.

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