The concept and evaluation of temperature in the history of astronomy

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Sun, Stars, Planets, Temperature

Scientific paper

On a typical astronomical day we can gaze at the solar disc and see a 5,776 K gas radiating into space. Come night-time we are confronted with a panoply of stars with surface temperatures between 2,750 and 45,000 K, and maybe our Moon with a sub-solar-point temperature of around 410 K, and planets Jupiter and Saturn with cloud temperatures of around 150 and 110 K. On an unusual astronomical day we might experience a solar eclipse and catch a fleeting glimpse of the solar corona with its temperature of 2,500,000 K. Temperature is now recognised as a key astronomical parameter and much is learnt from its influence on the phase of astronomical materials and the radiation that they emit. But temperature is a very recent addition to the astronomical data base. Before the 1830s it was barely mentioned. Only since around 1900 have our estimates of astronomical temperatures born any relationship with reality. This paper reviews our concept of temperature in the recent history of our subject.

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