On the nature of class-I sources in ρ Ophiuchi.

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Star-Forming Regions: Protostars, Molecular Outflows: Protostars

Scientific paper

The authors present mm broad-band photometry of class-I sources in ρ Ophiuchi that do not show signs of outflow activity. These sources have been considered as probable protostellar candidates, since they are among the most luminous members (few tens of solar luminosities) of this star-forming region and are heavily embedded, as shown by their steeply increasing spectra toward longer wavelengths. In comparison to some famous low-luminosity outflow (OF) sources, the non-outflow (NOF) sources show lower 1.3 mm fluxes, raising doubts as to their evolutionary stage. Their mm/submm data enabled them to derive the dust temperature and opacity power law exponent. From these they derive strong constraints on the mass surrounding these objects and conclude that NOF class-I sources in ρ Ophiuchi have much less mass than OF sources with similar luminosities. The authors discuss the implications of such a finding in the evolutionary scenario of a young star.

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