Statistics
Scientific paper
Feb 1991
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1991phrvl..66..683b&link_type=abstract
Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007), vol. 66, Feb. 11, 1991, p. 683-686.
Statistics
54
Bosons, Broken Symmetry, Cosmology, Elementary Excitations, Partitions (Mathematics), Quantum Statistics, Relativistic Effects, Hamiltonian Functions, Particle Energy, Topology, Boson Systems, Spontaneous And Radiative Symmetry Breaking
Scientific paper
The partition function for a relativistic Bose-Einstein gas is calculated. The excitation energies are identified and compared with known results in various limits. In particular, this treatment shows how the Goldstone bosons of a spontaneously broken symmetry and the quasi-particles of the nonrelativistic gas emerge as special cases of one general formula. New results are obtained for the spectrum of Goldstone modes in a medium of nonzero density, and the fully relativistic case is discussed along with a possible cosmological application.
Bernstein Jeremy
Dodelson Scott
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