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Scientific paper
Jan 1993
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1993phdt........47h&link_type=abstract
Thesis (PH.D.)--CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 1993.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-04, Section: B
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2
Scientific paper
This thesis presents a search with the MACRO detector for grand unified theory (GUT) magnetic monopoles, strange quark matter (nuclearites), and any other supermassive particles that are scintillating, slow-moving and highly -penetrating. The MACRO detector is a large underground detector located at Gran Sasso, Italy, with the primary goal of searching for magnetic monopoles at a flux level beyond the astrophysical Parker bound. It employs liquid scintillator counters, streamer tubes and track-etch detectors. When completed, it will have an acceptance of 10,000m ^2sr. This search is conducted with the large liquid scintillator detector in the first supermodule of the MACRO detector, which has an acceptance of 870 m ^2sr. A specialized slow monopole trigger is based on the time of passage of slow particles through each scintillator counter and enables the detection of supermassive particles with velocities as low as ~ 10^{-4}_ {c}. A second trigger is based on the time of flight between different scintillator layers and covers relatively fast velocity range up to 2 times 10^{-2}_ {c}. The scintillator waveforms are recorded for both triggers. Both triggers collected data over a period of two years from October 1989 to November 1991. The data were analyzed to search for slow particles. The absence of candidates establishes an upper limit on the flux of supermassive particles at 8.7 times 10^{-15}cm^ {-2}sr^{-1}sec ^{-1} for 3 times 10^{-3} < beta < 2 times 10^ {-2} and at 5.6 times 10^{-15}cm^ {-2}sr^{-1}sec ^{-1} for beta _0 < beta < 3 times 10^{-3}. The low velocity cutoff beta_0 depends on the type of supermassive particles. For magnetic monopoles, the cutoff based on the Ficenec et al. slow proton scintillation measurement is beta_0 = 1.8 times 10^{-4 }, and the pessimistic cutoff based on the most conservative Ahlen-Tarle light yield model is beta_0 = 7 times 10^{-4}. For dyons or monopole-proton composites, the model independent cutoff is beta_0 = 9 times 10^{-5}. Bracci et al. have argued that most likely bare monopoles have bound protons in the early universe, making this dyon search more significant. The application of this flux limit to other supermassive particles including nuclearites is described in Chapter 5 of this thesis.
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