CCD surface photometry of bright reflection nebulae

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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Astronomical Photometry, Infrared Sources (Astronomy), Reflection Nebulae, B Stars, Brightness, Charge Coupled Devices, Radiative Transfer

Scientific paper

Surface brightness measurements in the B, V, R, and I photometric bands are presented for 14 reflection nebulae. The analysis of nebula-star color differences leads to the conclusion that excess emission in the I band beyond that expected from scattering is a common phenomenon among reflection nebulae illuminated by B stars. An ultraviolet-powered fluorescence mechanism is suggested. Both the absolute and the relative V surface brightnesses of the nebulae in the sample are analyzed. The data can be explained, if the nebulae arise in moderately dense interstellar clouds with illuminating stars embedded at an optical depth level of order unity and with dust of high albedo and with a strongly forward-directed phase function. It is concluded that bright reflection nebulae must arise under almost optimal scattering conditions, which apparently are found when newly formed low-mass star clusters are still embedded in the material from which they originated.

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