Testing General Relativity: Progress, Problems, and Prospects

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Recent results from radar and radio gravity experiments are: (1) Retardation of radar signals: 1.02 +/- 0.05 (planetary radar) 1.00 +/- 0.04 (spacecraft) (2) Deflection of radio waves: 0.99 +/- 0.12 (short-baseline interferometry) 1.04-0.10+0.15 (short-baseline interferometry) 0.90 +/- 0.05 (short-baseline interferometry) (3) Relativistic perihelion advance of Mercury: 0.99 +/- 0.03 (planetary radar) 1.00 +/- 0.01 (radar + optical) (4) Time variation of the gravitational constant: (G/G)< 4 × 10-10/yr (planetary radar) The first three results are expressed as fractions of the corresponding effects predicted by general relativity. In terms of the Eddington-Robertson parameters, the first two are approximately equal to (1+γ)/2 and the third to (2+2γ-β)/3. The third result depends on the assumption that the solar gravitational quadrupole moment vanishes; its effects cannot be separated usefully from those of general relativity with the present data set. The uncertainties are as given by the individual experimenters; in some cases they represent formal standard errors, in others an allowance for possible systematic errors is included.

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